Breast Cancer And The Detection Of Breast Cancer With Mri Essays

Breast Cancer And The Detection Of Breast Cancer With Mri Essays Breast Cancer And The Detection Of Breast Cancer With Mri Paper Breast Cancer And The Detection Of Breast Cancer With Mri Paper When we hear the word cancer, most of us are much worried. Cancer is one of the life threatening diseases and breast cancer is one type of cancer that mostly affects women. In fact research has found that breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer in women and the second most common cause of cancer death in women in the particularly in the United States (Kriege, et al. 2004). Detecting breast cancer has been a serious concern. Today with the increased awareness of breast cancer risk, women over the age of 40 are undergoing mammography for screening, leading to detection of cancers in earlier stages and a consequential improvement in survival rates. Even with high awareness breast cancer remains the most common cause of death in women between the ages of 45 and 55. In a breast cancer patient, cancer usually forms in the ducts and lobules (National Cancer Institute, 2007). If we look into the causes of breast cancer, much of the research has found that genetic and/or hormonal factors are the main risk factors for breast cancer. It is estimated that about 50 percent of breast cancers associated with genetic risk factors are linked to a mutation of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. This study also suggests that women with multiple relatives who developed breast or ovarian cancer at a young age and those who are found to carry BRCA mutations face a decision about whether to have prophylactic surgery or undergo a lifetime of intensive screening (Center for the Advancement of Health, n. pag, 2007). With the help of proper diagnosis of the stages it is possible to detect the extent to which a particular cancer has spread and this in turn helps the physicians to take decisions concerning treatment options. Breast cancer treatment depends upon several factors, including the type of cancer and the extent to which it has spread. In general treatment for breast cancer may involve surgery, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, and/or chemotherapy. When compared to the earlier decades studies have suggested that the advances in screening, diagnosis, and treatment has decreased the death rate for breast cancer by about 20% (Stoppler, 2007). Methods of Diagnosis of Breast Cancer There are several techniques available for the detection of breast cancers. In general, for any women without any symptoms the screening for breast cancer normally begins with X-ray mammography to look for tumors and cysts. It can be said that high-quality mammography is an effective and economic technology currently available for breast cancer screening. In recent years, the technique involved in mammography is digitalized. This is a technique for recording x-ray images in computer code instead of on x-ray film. The images are displayed on a computer monitor and can be magnified before they are printed on film. Images can also be manipulated; the radiologist can magnify or zoom in on an area. Computer-aided detection (CAD) is another technique that involves the use of computers to bring suspicious areas on a mammogram to the radiologist’s attention. It is used after the radiologist has done the initial evaluation of the mammogram. In the year 1998, the FDA approved a breast imaging device that uses CAD technology (National Cancer Institute Fact Sheet, 2007). Ultrasound is also used to screen breast cancers. It is also called sonography in which the imaging technique uses high-frequency sound waves that cannot be heard by human beings bounces off tissues and internal organs. As a result their echoes produce a picture called a sonogram. Ultrasound imaging of the breast is used to differentiate between solid tumors and fluid-filled cysts. This technique can also be used to evaluate lumps that are difficult to see on a mammogram. Ultrasound in come cases is used as part of other diagnostic procedures, such as fine needle aspiration. In this procedure the tissue or fluid is removed with the help of a needle for examination called the biopsy (National Cancer Institute Fact Sheet, 2007). Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is another imaging procedure that uses a magnetic field and pulses of radio wave energy to make images of organs and structures inside the body (Center for the Advancement of Health, 2007). In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a magnet linked to a computer creates detailed pictures of areas inside the body. The advantage with this technique is that it does not use radiation. Each MRI produces hundreds of images of the breast from different directions side-to-side, top-to-bottom, and front-to-back which is then interpreted by a radiologist. MRI of breast is done in the following manner. First the patient is asked to lie on her stomach on the scanning table. The breast hangs into a depression or hollow in the table, which contains coils that are able to detect the magnetic signal. The table is then moved into a tube-like machine that contains the magnet. Once an initial set of images are taken, the patient may be given a contrast agent intravenously. The contrast agent is not radioactive in nature and it is just used to improve the visibility of a tumor. After this additional images are then taken to view the tumor clearly (National Cancer Institute Fact Sheet, 2007). In general, breast MRI is not used for routine breast cancer screening, but in recent years clinical trials are being performed to determine if MRI is helpful for screening certain women, such as young women at high risk for breast cancer. It is found that MRI cannot always precisely distinguish between malignant cancer and benign (noncancerous) breast conditions. Additionally, it also cannot detect microcalcifications like ultrasound (National Cancer Institute Fact Sheet, 2007). Researchers have found that MRI is used mainly to evaluate breast implants for leaks or ruptures, and also to assess abnormal areas detected by a mammogram or are felt after breast surgery or radiation therapy. However it can be used after breast cancer is diagnosed to measure the extent of the tumor in the breast. MRI is also sometimes useful in imaging dense breast tissue, which is often found in younger women, and in viewing other breast abnormalities that can be felt but are not visible with conventional mammography or ultrasound (National Cancer Institute, 2007). Reasons for not using MRI for detection of breast cancer are many. For instance, because the mammograms are much less expensive than Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), mammograms are preferred by many. Secondly, since MRI compress the breast to show all of the information in one view, they are a less effective tool, particularly when the breast is dense or in young woman. MRI provides multiple slices of high-resolution images of breast tissue, creating a three-dimensional picture (Optical Society of America, 2007). Recently researchers at Dartmouth College and Dartmouth Medical School combined two techniques, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and near-infrared optics, which they found to be potentially more precise method for diagnosing breast cancer. In this new technique MRI is used to produce an image of the breast, providing adequate information on its structure, shape and composition. Additionally, the near-infrared light technique provides information on how the tissue is functioning, for instance, by finding out if a region contains a large amount of blood and is consuming oxygen rapidly then the patient may be suffering from cancer as early cancers typically consume oxygen. The researchers are hopeful that this dual-procedure of combining MRI with near-infrared light technique will be a key to learning which tissues are malignant even before performing a biopsy (Optical Society of America, 2007). The disadvantage with MRI is that it is extremely sensitive in detecting early cancer, but unfortunately because of its hypersensitivity it also picks up many breast changes that are not cancer, leading to a high incidence of negative biopsies and creating unnecessary stress on people. In other words, the false positive rate is high and may be unacceptable for low risk women (Anne Arundel Medical Center, 2004). There are also studies that point out that MRI can detect cancers that may be missed in a routine mammogram. For instance, a study in the March 29, 2007, published in the New England Journal of Medicine followed 969 women who had a recent diagnosis of breast cancer in one breast. They found that MRI was able to detect breast cancer in the second (contra lateral) breast of some of these women even when mammogram had been read as normal (Kriege, et al. 2004). Specifically, 121 of these women had a suspicious or positive MRI, even though their mammogram showed negative results. Later when all of these MRI positive women had biopsies, 30 were found to be positive for cancer. Therefore, it can be said that MRI is useful when it comes to detecting early breast changes even when mammograms are not able to detect it. In case if the 30 women not had an MRI, the cancer in their other breast would not have been detected and their surgery and treatment might have been inadequate. Though these positive cases were detected it was found that even in very high-risk women who already had cancer the majority (91 of them) had false positives. This shows that the false positive rate in a normal group of women may be even higher. The good news is that the women in the study who had a negative MRI were followed for another year and continued to have no cancer occurrence or reoccurrence in their second breast. In other words MRI had a negative predictive value of 99 percent (Young, 2007; Reichman, 2007). Studies conducted by Brem et al. (2007) compared the sensitivity and specificity of breast-specific gamma imaging (BSGI) using a high-resolution breast-specific gamma camera and MRI in patients with indeterminate breast findings. They found that there was no statistically noteworthy disparity in sensitivity of cancer detection between BSGI and MRI. However, BSGI demonstrated a greater specificity than MRI, 71% and 25%, respectively. Therefore this study suggested that BSGI has equal sensitivity and greater specificity than MRI for the detection of breast cancer (Brem et al. 2007). Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been proposed as an additional screening test for young women at high risk of breast cancer in whom mammography alone has poor sensitivity. A study conducted by Lord et al. (2007) found that the effectiveness of MRI depend on assumptions about the benefits of early detection from trials of mammographic screening in older average risk populations. He also stated that the extent to which high risk younger women receive the same benefits from early detection and treatment of MRI-detected cancers is yet to be established (Lord et al. 2007). A study conducted by Drew et al. compared MRI with mammography, sonography, and physical examination in preoperative patients (Drew, et al. 1999). They found that the sensitivity for detecting multifocal breast cancer was 100% for MRI and 18% for standard modalities. A major criticism of MRI has been its lack of specificity, which varies in the literature from 31% to 91% (Flamm, 2005). MRI when it is compared mammography has a specificity of 93% to 99%. Besides it was found that patients diagnosed positive with MRI had to conform it through a biopsy that added to the overall cost of treatment and is a burden. While MRI is effective in detecting breast cancer, its specificity for screening is much lower than that of mammography. The need for additional imaging ranged from 8% to 17% in MRI screening studies, and the biopsy rates ranged from 3% to 15% (Kriege, et al. 2004). Studies have found that the rate of false-positive results is higher in women who undergo screening compared with a high-risk population. An American Cancer Society review found that the higher rate of biopsies and additional studies was acceptable in women with a high risk of breast cancer but inappropriate in low-risk women (Saslow, et al. , 2007). In conclusion, it can be said that MRI cannot be the used as an effective tool to detect breast cancer since there are several studies that support this fact. Besides, several negative cases being shown as positive cases of breast cancer that creates unnecessary anxiety in people. References Anne Arundel Medical Center, (2004) MRI helps find breast cancer in high-risk women more evidence point to MRI usefulness, Breast Health, September 2004. Retrieved November 4, 2007, from askaamc. org/neighbors/news/index. php? id=16032 Brem, R. F. , Petrovitch, I. , Rapelyea, J. A. , Young, H. , Teal, C. , Kelly, T. (2007) Breast-specific gamma imaging with 99mTc-Sestamibi and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of breast cancer- A comparative study, The Breast Journal 13 (5), 465–469. Center for the Advancement of Health (2007, July 2). MRI plus X-ray mammography doubles breast cancer detection in women at high risk. ScienceDaily. Retrieved October 28, 2007, from sciencedaily. com/releases/2007/07/070702084039. htm Drew P. J. , Turnbull L. W. , Chatterjee S. , Read J. , Carleton P. J. , Fox J. N. , Monson J. R. , Kerin M. J. (1999) Prospective comparison of standard triple assessment and dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of the breast for the evaluation of symptomatic breast lesions. Ann Surg. ;230(5):680–685. Flamm C. R. , Ziegler K. M. and Aronson N. (2005) Technology evaluation center assessment synopsis: use of magnetic resonance imaging to avoid a biopsy in women with suspicious primary breast lesions. J Am Coll Radiol. ;2(6):485–487. Optical Society of America (2007, April 15). Breast cancer diagnosis from combined MRI-optics method. ScienceDaily. Retrieved November 4, 2007, from sciencedaily. com/releases/2007/04/070413122515. htm Kriege M. , et al. (2004) Magnetic resonance imaging screening study group. Efficacy of MRI and mammography for breast-cancer screening in women with a familial or genetic predisposition. N Engl J Med. ; 351(5):427–437. Lord, S. J. , Lei, W. , Craft, P. , Cawson, J. N. , Morris, I. , Walleser, S. , Griffiths, A. , Parker, S. and Houssami. N. (Sept 2007)A systematic review of the effectiveness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as an addition to mammography and ultrasound in screening young women at high risk of breast cancer (Report). European Journal of Cancer 43. 13: 1905 (13). National Cancer Institute, (2007) Breast cancer, Retrieved on 27 October 2007 from cancer. gov/cancertopics/types/breast National Cancer Institute Fact Sheet, (2007) Improving methods for breast cancer detection and diagnosis, Retrieved on 4 November 2007 from cancer. gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Detection/breast-cancer Reichman, J. (2007) Breast cancer detection: MRI vs. mammogram? Retrieved October 28,

22 Best Colleges in the South Which Ones Right for You

22 Best Colleges in the South Which One's Right for You SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re from a Southern state, or you just love sweet tea, hush puppies, delicious BBQ, and saying â€Å"y’all,† you may want to attend college in the South. If you’re considering going to college in the South, you should have an idea of which schools are the best in the region. In this article, I’ll rankthe best colleges in the South and offer tips on finding the best Southern collegesfor you. Which States Are in the South? For my rankings, here are the states that I considered to be in the South: Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Tennessee, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, and Kentucky.Interestingly, there is some discrepancy about which states are in the South. How I Ranked the Best Colleges in the South While rankings can be subjective, you can get a general idea of which colleges are better based on their reputations and objective statistics.I placed the best 22 colleges in the South into four tiers, with tier one including the highest ranked schools.I determined my rankings by looking at the rankings from US News, Forbes, and Niche.Each ranking list uses different variables to determine its rankings, but here are some of the most important factors that are considered when determining college rankings: Academic Reputation- The academic reputation of a school is what education experts think about the academics at a particular college. US News gives a peer assessment survey to university presidents, provosts, and deans of admissions to help rate academic quality. Additionally, it surveys high school counselors across the country. Freshman Retention Rate- The freshman retention rate is the percentage of freshmen that return for their sophomore years. Typically, better colleges have higher retention rates. A high retention rate shows that students at the school are satisfied with the school and receiving the necessary support to succeed. Graduation Rate- The graduation rate is the percentage of students that graduate within 6 years. Better schools have higher graduation rates. If a higher percentage of students is graduating, then the students are seen as being more capable, and the college is providing the necessary support and resources to enable students to successfully finish college. Student Selectivity- Student selectivity refers to the qualifications of the students and the competitiveness of the admissions process. Better schools have students with higher high school GPAs and standardized test scores. Also, better schools tend to have lower acceptance rates. More selectivity generally equates to a higher caliber of student. Financial Resources- Ranking lists consider schools’ per student spending. More spending per student is indicative of having more resources and positively influences a school’s ranking. I weighted the US News rankings a little more heavily because US News has the most prestigious ranking list; therefore it has the greatest impact on a school’s reputation.All of the schools were among the 25 top Southern colleges in at least two of the three ranking lists I looked at.Honorable mention schools made the top 25 in at least one list. I included the average standardized test scores, acceptance rates, and US News ranking for each school. Because US News ranks national universities and liberal arts colleges separately, after the ranking, I put NU for national university or LA for liberal arts college.I also put public colleges in bold. Sarah Reid/Flickr The Best Colleges in the South, Ranked Without further ado, here are my rankings of the best Southern colleges. Tier1 The first tier is composed of highly selective private colleges. Their acceptance rates range from 13% to 17%, and they're all ranked in top 20 in US News for national universities. Their graduation rates are between 92% (Rice) and95% (Duke). All three colleges meet 100% of demonstrated financial need. School Location Average SAT Score Average ACT Score Acceptance Rate US News Ranking Duke University Durham, NC 2250 34 13% #8 NU Rice University Houston, TX 2180 33 17% #18 NU Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN 2215 33 13% #15 NU Tier2 There are seven colleges in the second tier. Their acceptance rates range from 18% (Washington and Lee) to 35% (Wake Forest), and they're all in the top 35 in their respective categories in the US News rankings. Their graduation rates are 88% (Wake Forest and Washington and Lee) to 94% (University of Virginia). There are four public colleges and two liberal arts colleges in the second tier. School Location Average SAT Score Average ACT Score Acceptance Rate US News Ranking College of William and Mary Williamsburg, VA 2035 30 33% #34 NU Davidson College Davidson, NC 1992 31 26% #9 LA Emory University Atlanta, GA 2040 30 26% #21 NU University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC 1901 29 29% #30 NU University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA 1997 30 30% #26 NU Wake Forest University Winston-Salem, NC 1325 (on Math and Critical Reading only) 30 35% #27 NU Washington and Lee University Lexington, VA 2082 31 18% #14 LA University of North Carolina graduates (Evonne/Flickr) Tier3 There are six colleges in the third tier, representing five states. Their acceptance rates range from 26% (Tulane) to 47% (University of Florida). Their graduation rates range from81% (University of Texas and University of Miami) to 88% (University of Florida). University of Richmond is the only liberal arts college in this tier. School Location Average SAT Score Average ACT Score Acceptance Rate US News Ranking Georgia Tech Atlanta, GA 2049 31 41% #36 NU Tulane University New Orleans, LA 1985 30 26% #41 NU University of Florida Gainesville, FL 1887 28 47% #47 NU University of Miami Coral Gables, FL 1965 30 40% #51 NU University of Richmond Richmond, VA 1945 30 31% #32 LA University of Texas-Austin Austin, TX 1873 28 40% #52 NU Tier4 There are six colleges in the fourth tier, only one of which is a public university. Their acceptance rates range from 51% (SMU) to 69% (Centre College). Their graduation rates are between77% (SMU) and84% (Furman), and their US News rankings are from 45-61 in their respective categories. School Location Average SAT Score Average ACT Score Acceptance Rate US News Ranking Centre College Danville, KY 1840 28 69% #45 LA Clemson University Clemson, SC 1795 29 57% #61 NU Furman University Greenville, SC 1845 28 64% #51 LA Rhodes College Memphis, TN 1910 29 58% #51 LA Sewanee: University of the South Sewanee, TN 1870 28 60% #48 LA Southern Methodist University Dallas, TX 1935 29 51% #61 NU Southern Methodist University (Ed Uthman/Flickr) Honorable Mention Agnes Scott College Berea College Spelman College Texas AM University University of Alabama University of Georgia Virginia Tech Wofford College How Should You Use This List? If you want to go to one of the best universitiesin the South, research the schools on the list that interest you to determine if you want to apply to them.Think of the factors that are important to you in a college including cost, size, selectivity, location, and the majors offered.Look at the school’s website and use guidebooks, college finders, and search websites to help you in the college selection process. If possible, consult with teachers, counselors, parents, current students, and alumni. Also, just because a school didn’t make the list doesn’t mean it’s a bad school. In your college search, you should identify the school that’s the best fit for you. Some schools may not rank well because they’re not as selective or have fewer financial resources. However, they may have academic programs, professors, and a campus environment that will enable you to have a high quality of life while you’re in school and reach your academic and professional goals. What's Next? Make sure you know how to do college research right. Also, before you complete your college applications, learn everything you need to know about the college essay. Finally, if you're interested in attending a selective college, check out the most selective colleges in the country. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: