Comparing Old New Terrorism The WritePass Journal

Looking at Old New Terrorism Presentation Looking at Old New Terrorism Introduction1.1 Background1.2 Aims and Objectivesâ 1.3 Research Questions1.4 Scope of the Study1.5 Structure of the Study2 Literature Review2.1 Defining Terrorism and rising types of Terrorism2.2 Factors that added to Terrorism’s Success2.3 Current anticipation and implementation options2.4Trends3. Approach 3.1 Introduction3.2 Methods of Data Collection3.2.1 Case Study AnalysisCase Study4.1 Irish Republican Army development factors4.2 Effectiveness of the IRA methods4.3 Al Qaeda arrangement factors4.4 Effectiveness of the IRA methods4.5 Trends4.8 Discussion5. Conclusionâ 7. ReferencesRelated Presentation 1.1 Background In the commencement as far as possible of the twentieth century, prominent researchers thought of another idea of New Terrorism which speaks to a move from the conventional fear based oppression. The new psychological warfare alludes to a subjective change in the idea of fear based oppression, which has supposedly occurred during the 1990s (Kurtulus 2007:476). This worldview has additionally been differently alluded to as contemporary psychological oppression (Laqueur 2003) post-present day fear mongering, super-psychological oppression, calamitous fear mongering and hyper-psychological oppression (Field 2009). This exposition means to attempt the assessment of this change in perspective. It plans to inspect the different sources if there is in reality a New Terrorism as peddled by certain researchers and strategy creators. It would do this by doing a contextual investigation of Irish Republican Army, or the IRA and Al Qaeda speaking to each gathering. 1.2 Aims and Objectives In this segment, the examination points, goals, and research addresses will be outlined.â Firstly, the point of this exploration is as per the following: To guarantee that this point is completely investigated, the accompanying exploration destinations have been formulated: How are the rising types of fear based oppression not quite the same as the customary strategies? In what capacity should the current counterterrorism foundation be revised so as to address the difficulties of the cutting edge age?  1.3 Research Questions The examination question is as per the following: What are the new types of psychological oppression and what components made them? What are the key factors that have added to the accomplishment of these new fear based oppressor rehearses? Is the present counterterrorist framework equipped for managing the rising fear based oppressor danger? To try to investigate this point, inquire about inquiry and these destinations, an audit of the writing will be embraced to investigate these zones have encountered change over time.â The discoveries from this survey will be utilized to investigate and look at the examination point, goals and question.â To guarantee this is fittingly attempted the accompanying themes will be talked about in the survey: 1.4 Scope of the Study An investigation of the Irish Republican Army will be attempted in contrast with the cutting edge activities of the perceived psychological oppressor organization Al Qaeda. 1.5 Structure of the Study This investigation will be contained 6 areas including the presentation, writing survey, and procedure, contextual analysis examination, Discussion, Conclusion. 2 Literature Review  The segment will survey important writing as respects the proposed look into. 2.1 Defining Terrorism and developing types of Terrorism 2.2 Factors that added to Terrorism’s Success 2.3 Current anticipation and requirement choices 2.4Trends 3. Philosophy This part outlines the examination strategy utilized just as giving a concise early on section with respect to the importance of research methodology.â 3.1 Introduction The strategy centers around a clarification of the subjective and quantitative research approaches considered for this postulation to respond to the accompanying inquiries: How are the developing types of psychological warfare not quite the same as the customary techniques? By what means should the current counterterrorism framework be revised so as to address the difficulties of the cutting edge age? This incorporates the components of the examination approach embraced and the purposes for this decision. 3.2 Methods of Data Collection Auxiliary sources dating from the activity of the Irish Republican Army just as year to date tasks of Al Qaeda will give the necessary scope of information for evaluation. 3.2.1 Case Study Analysis Yin (2009) fights that the contextual investigation examination procedure is a legitimate apparatus for giving experimental content.â This technique for explore considers an examination concerning this present reality effect of psychological oppression. Others fight that the contextual investigation isn't generally the best vital examination approach (Baxter and Jack 2008).  However, Stake (1995) exhibits that a contextual investigation can give comprehension and increment the limit with regards to comprehension. The methodology for this paper will use a subjective, interpretative research strategy; a contextual analysis assessment of the Irish Republican Army and Al Qaeda. Yin (2009) exhibits that the exploratory contextual investigation strategy can be utilized to look at circumstances in which there is no characterized result. This exploration will lay on the objective to distinguish difficulties and exercises for future. For the motivations behind this examination, the subjective research approach is progressively reasonable because of ability to evaluate the wide running nature the psychological militant conditions. Contextual investigation This segment will introduce a contextual investigation assessment of the Irish Republican Army in contrast with the activities of Al Qaeda. 4.1 Irish Republican Army arrangement factors Ryanair and (another carrier of your decision) 4.2 Effectiveness of the IRA strategies 4.3 Al Qaeda development factors 4.4 Effectiveness of the IRA strategies 4.5 Trends 4.8 Discussion (Tie the contextual investigation to the writing audit) 5. End  7. References Baxter, P. what's more, Jack, S. 2008. Subjective contextual investigation system: Study plan and usage for beginner researchers. The Qualitative Report, 13 (4), pp. 544559. Field, A. 2009. The ‘New Terrorism’: Revolution or Evolution?. Political Studies Review, 7 (2), pp. 195207. Kurtulus, E. 2011. The â€Å"new terrorism† and its critics. Studies in Conflict Terrorism, 34 (6), pp. 476500. Laqueur, W. 2003. No end to war. New York: Continuum. Stake, R. 1995. The specialty of contextual analysis research. Sage Publications, Inc. Yin, R. 2009. Case investigation examine. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

Importance of Community Development in the Middle East Important to the U.S. Essay Example for Free

Significance of Community Development in the Middle East Important to the U.S. Exposition The Middle East is the locale which stretches out from southwestern Asia to northeastern Africa, however its limits are not quite certain. It is the noteworthy inception of some significant religions that we have today. These incorporate Islam, Christianity, Judaism, Yezidi, Bahai confidence among others. The Middle East came to be perceived as a solitary area after the First World War, during which the Ottoman Empire was isolated into nations that presently involve the Middle East. In 1948, Israel was built up and joined the gathering of nations that make up the Middle East. The nations that are in the Middle East incorporate Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Yemen, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates among others (Eur, 2002). The Middle East is anyway a district that has consistently been a focal point of world undertakings both on a positive and a negative note. There have been different good and bad times throughout the entire existence of the Middle East; some of which repeat to date. A portion of these occasions have realized a worldwide clamor and in the long run caused the considering forward of prompt changes in a portion of the nations that involve the Middle East. A portion of the changes brought to the consideration of these nations are issues relating network advancement, which is fundamental for the development of these nations. Network improvement in this district is planned for alleviating the wrangles and wars that have been there in this locale and make its inhabitants focus on issues that would be advantageous to their lives. Network improvement is the upgrade or the supporting of some particular qualities inside the general public that realize some constructive change in the manner that individuals in this specific culture live and co-ordinate their lives. Network advancement is significant in any network on the grounds that any improvement inside some random society and primarily happens because of participation between the individuals from these social orders. It is through network advancement that securing, misuse, and equivalent circulation of assets is cultivated. It is the thing that empowers a general public to go ahead and have all the luxuries that are important forever (Bayat, 2002). The worldwide network has been on the bleeding edge supporting for network advancement in the area. This would make sure that the district grows financially and that its ties with different countries improve. The nations situated in the Middle East rule the world’s rundown of significant oil makers. A large portion of the economies of these nations are profoundly determined by oil. The world’s economy is somewhat constrained by the costs of oil and this implies the Middle East bears a turn in however that the oil costs influence. A decrease in oil creation or an augmentation in the costs of oil per barrel would be a significant hit to the economies of the world particularly those of nations that don't deliver oil or don't create oil that can bolster their colossal populaces. Subsequently, a significant number of the world’s powers have constantly attempted to have an edge over the nations in the Middle East so as to check this (Wright, 1999). The United States of America is one of the nations that has constantly needed there to be some soundness and network advancement in the Middle East however the majority of these countries are against its perspectives. Many are even hesitant to participate in light of the fact that the United States isn't for the most part an Islamic state. The Middle East has consistently been defaced by certain wars and other virus wars. The United States itself was behind the 2003 Iraq intrusion that saw to the complete redesign of the Iraqi government. Numerous neighborhood and universal networks have constantly pointed fingers at the United States for such an erroneous conclusion and consequently fast network improvement in this locale would help extinguish the blame that the United States feels for doing this. Little else should be possible other than trigger network improvement that would see Iraq have its financial thriving back. Along these lines, the United States can reestablish its holiness as well. The United States of America’s organization has in this way left on an arrangement to deliver network advancement in Iraq. This is done through the fortune of assets to commence this procedure. Fear mongering has been one of the threats that have presented perhaps the most serious hazard to the United States of America and its residents. The United States government has been doing all inside its methods so as to kill fear mongering and bring to book those included. Fear based oppression has for quite some time been seen as being supported and activated by some Islamic radicals accepted to be prepared in some mystery puts inside the Middle East. In this way, if the United States figures that on the off chance that it can deliver some network improvement in the Middle East, they can have the option to control or inevitably kill psychological oppression. The absolute most needed fear based oppressors are accepted to be harbored in the Middle East and some are even accepted to be under the assurance of some Middle East governments. The United States has even offered to prepare the Afghanistan police and military so as to control the degrees of fear based oppression and battle sedate cartels. Afghanistan is accepted to be one of the world’s top makers of cocaine. The approach of atomic weapons represents a significant danger to the world’s populace if these weapons are not maneuvered carefully. Nations should acquire endorsement from the United Nations before they set out on creating atomic weapons and war-heads or any comparative endeavor, inability to which some extreme measures can be taken. Iran has some atomic force stations which are operational however the United States and other ground-breaking nations accept that Iran is creating atomic weapons. The United States has taken a firm remain against this and has looked for some political situations as to this issue. Noteworthy people group improvement over the Middle East would make sure that such issues are managed effectively which would really be a bit of leeway to the United States on its interpretation of worldwide harmony. The Israeli-Palestinian war has been seething for a very long while. Israel is situated in the midst of nations which are its sworn foes. A large number of the hostile issues among Israel and its neighbors have in the end brought about wars that have left numerous dead and harmed. The United States is Israel’s sworn partner and accordingly a hit to Israel implies a significant hit to the United States however in a roundabout way. Subsequently, the United States has consistently acted in the kindness of Israel. The possibility of network improvement would in the end lead to solidarity in the area and in this way expel the weight of inconsistent wars from Israel and advance monetary development in the locale. There are different liberal psychological oppressor bunches that have been shaped in resistance of Israel. These incorporate Hamas and Hezbollah and the arrival of harmony to the locale would make sure that these gatherings stop to exist as they are a danger to harmony in the area. This would additionally improve the United States’ war against fear mongering (Thomas, 1998). At long last, the United States of America imagines financial partners from the Middle East, which has probably the quickest developing economies on the planet. A union between the United States and the Middle East would see to the development of the monetary interests of the two gatherings. Financial upgrade implies more force and this is actually this would mean the United States. Monetary strengthening is of central significance particularly in this period when the world is encountering a money related downturn. Financial strengthening would in this manner be a significant lift to the United States and some other invested individuals. The Middle East is one of the districts that the business interests of Americans are not acknowledged and subsequently retouching this would change the condition. Nations, for example, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain and Jordan have fused the travel industry into their economies and this will undoubtedly improve their relationship with different nations. Egypt has been one of the key factors that have made harmony financier conceivable in the Middle East. Egypt is an Islamic express that isn't hard lined towards general scorn towards the west. This gives it an edge towards managing the Middle East emergencies and risky wars. It is through Egypt that some global networks have voiced their interests. It is through Egypt that a few wars have been halted through truces, for example, the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian war that was exhibited along the Gaza strip. Egypt itself is deliberately positioned and is unified to a significant number of the countries in the Middle East. They are along these lines bound to tune in to Egypt with regards to arranging a specific circumstance. Subsequently, a large number of the western nations align themselves to Egypt in an offer to expedite harmony in the Middle East. Egypt along these lines assumes a fundamental job with regards to managing the countries of the Middle East due to its lack of bias and likeness to these countries in spite of being an Islamic state. It is a quiet sovereign express that is considered solid by numerous western nations with regards to managing the Middle East. Accordingly, people group improvement is fundamental as an answer for the issues that right now influence the Middle East countries. The Middle East is in an entanglement of hardships right now and an answer that would realize harmony and soundness in the locale would no different change this area into a monetary powerhouse which would be a major lift to the worldwide money related market out and out. Network advancement, no doubt, is one of the keys to harmony and steadiness in this area. References: Bayat, A. , (2002), Activism And Social Development In The Middle East, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Issue 34:1:1-28, Cambridge University Press, Retrieved on 29th April 30, 2009 from: http://diaries. cambridge. organization/acti

A Complete Guide to Data Security

A Complete Guide to Data Security © Shutterstock.com | Den RiseThis article focuses on everything you need to know about data security. We will cover 1) the basics you need to know about data security and 2) how to secure your data.DATA SECURITY: EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOWWhat is Data Security?In the most basic terms, Data Security is the process of keeping data secure and protected from not only unauthorized access but also corrupted access. The main focus of data security is to make sure that data is safe and away from any destructive forces. Data is stored as rows and columns in its raw form in the databases, PCs as well as over networks. While some of this data may be not that secretive, other might be of private value and importance. But unauthorized access to such private information or data can cause many problems such as corruption, leakage of confidential information and violation of privacy.Thus, the importance of Data Security comes into play. Data Security is in the form of digital privacy measures that are applied to avoid this unauthorized access to websites, networks and databases. There are many ways of protecting or securing data which is important and some of them include encryption, strong user authentication, backup solutions and data erasure. There are many international laws and standards that govern data security measures. Data Protection Acts are implemented to ensure that personal data is accessible to those whom it may concern.Business data protectionWhile all kinds of personal data are important, one aspect where the need and requirement of data security are most rampant is businesses and industries. Most businesses have massive amounts of data or information which they may want to keep confidential and protected from others. The process of protecting this kind of data is known as Business Data Protection. Often, organizations struggle to create real-time security policies as the data keeps growing. It also finds it tough to monitor all data from one central locatio n in big data platforms. But special IT teams are then created to solve these matters and provide complete data protection.Data managementBesides securing and protecting data, it is also important to properly manage and monitor it. Data management is the development as well as the execution of the processes, procedures, architectures and policies which administers the complete data lifecycle requirements of a company. This particular definition of data management is very broad and can be applied to any profession or field.Data management is important because, without proper management of data, it would be difficult to monitor and protect it. If data is not well defined, it could be misused in various types of applications. If data is not well defined, it would be impossible to meet the needs of the users.Why is Data Security Important?Data security is very important or critical for most companies and businesses. Besides formal organizations, it is also very critical for home compute r users as well. Information like client details, bank details, account details, personal files, etc. must be well protected for everyone on the planet because if it gets into wrong hands, it can be misused easily. Such information can be hard to replace and potentially dangerous. By securing such data or information, one can protect the files and avoid facing any difficulties.The following are some of the reasons why data security is important:Your reputation may be affected You work very hard to establish the name of your business but when a data breach occurs, the reputation that you built may be affected by just a single stroke. This is because your business also has confidential information of customers or clients, and once data is lost, you might fall short of all explanations.Threats are on an increase Another reason why data security is important is because the threats are on an increase these days and without securing your data, you cannot expect to run a business or even go on as a home PC user. This is because of the emergence of mobile devices, internet, and cloud computing, etc.It’s expensive and complicated to fix One may recover from the dent in the reputation but rebounding from the technical aspects of data breaches can be tough. It is diffiult to fix such problems without spending great deal of time and money.What could a data breach cost a business?Damage to reputation A data breach could be very harmful to an organization. It does not only cause loss of data, but also causes damage to the reputation of a company. The company whose data is breached may be seen by others as one which was casual in terms of data protection.Loss of files Accidental loss of files or database of the customers may leave a company unable to carry out further marketing.Loss of confidentiality Once private and confidential information is accessed by a second party or unauthorized party, disclosure of sensitive data may occur, and this may be bad for any compa ny or business.Threat of money loss When loss of important bank account details and other such data occurs, there is a threat of money loss as well. When an unauthorized person or party gets to know bank details, then this may lead them to use passwords to steal money.How data security and privacy help your company?Prevention of data breaches One of the main reasons for the importance of data security is that it helps in the prevention of data getting into the wrong hands or breaching. By avoiding disclosure or leakage of sensitive information, one can also avoid loss of finances.Protection of privacy While there is some information that is business related, there is some which is just of private value. Thus by protecting data, one also tends to achieve protection of privacy.Reduce compliance cost Another reason data security is helpful is because it can also help reduce the compliance costs. It does so by automating and centralizing controls and simplifying audit review procedu res.Ensure data integrity It helps to prevent unauthorized data changes, data structures, and configuration files.HOW TO SECURE DATA?Data Securing TechnologiesDisk Encryption: Disk encryption is one of the most commonly opted for data security technology or methods. This is a technology through which encryption of data on a hard disk drive takes place. This technology takes place in two major ways software or hardware. In disk encryption, data is converted into unreadable codes that cannot be accessed or deciphered by anyone who is unauthorized. There are several ways and tools to carry out disk encryption, and these tools may vary in the security offered and features used. Even though there are many benefits of using this method, there are also certain weaknesses or vulnerabilities.Software and hardware based ways to protect data: Besides disk encryption, both software and hardware based ways can also be used to protect data. On one hand, software-based security solutions encrypt the data to protect it from theft, on the other, hardware-based solutions can prevent read and write access to data. Hardware based security solutions offer very strong protection against unauthorized access and tampering. But in the case of software-based solutions, a hacker or a malicious program can easily corrupt the data files and make the system unusable and files unreadable. This is why, hardware-based solutions are mostly preferred over software based ones. The hardware-based systems are more secure due to the physical access required to compromise them. This system is much more effective in the situation where an operating system is more vulnerable to threats from viruses and hackers.Backups: One of the easiest yet most effective ways to avoid data loss or to lose important and crucial files is by taking a backup of your data regularly. There are many ways to take backup and it is up to you how many copies of your data you wish to keep. While external hard disks are a comm on way to take backup, these days cloud computing too proves to be a cheap and easy way to maintain a backup of all files at a safe location. Of course, a backup won’t prevent data loss but would at least ensure that you don’t lose any information of importance.Data masking: Data masking is another data securing technology that can be brought into use by those who wish to secure their data. Another term that is used to refer to data masking is data obfuscation and is the process through which one can hide original data with random characters, data or codes. This method is especially very useful for situations where you wish to protect classified data and do not want anyone to access it or read it. This is a good way to let the data be usable to you but not to the unauthorized hacker or user.Data erasure: Data erasure, which is only known as data wiping and data clearing is a software-based method of overwriting information or data and aims to totally destroy all data which may b e present on a hard disk or any other media location. This method removes all data or information but keeps the disk operable.Data Protection PrinciplesThe Data Protection Act requires one to follow certain rules and measures when it comes to securing or protecting data. These rules apply to everything one does with personal data, except the case when one is entitled to an exemption. The following are the main data protection principles one must follow:Personal Data must be processed lawfully and fairly.Personal data should be relevant, adequate and not excessive in relation to the purpose or purposes due to which they have been processed.Personal data must be obtained just for one or more than one specified and lawful reasons and must not be processed in any way that is not compatible with those reason/reasons.Personal data should be accurate and should be kept up to date wherever it is necessary to keep it up to date.Personal data which is processed for any reason or reasons shoul d not be kept for any time longer than required for that reason or reasons.Personal data should not be processed according to the rights of data subjects under this Act.The suitable technical, as well as organizational measures, must be taken against any unauthorized processing or unlawful processing of personal data and also against any accidental destruction or loss of or damage of personal data.Personal data shall not be transferred to a territory or country outside the economic area of the data owner unless that region ensures the right level of protection for the freedom and rights of data subjects in relation to data’s processing.Essential Steps Every Business Must Take to Secure DataEstablish strong passwords: The first step that every business must most take is to establish strong passwords for all your accounts, bank details and other kinds of accounts. Also, one must try to keep very strong passwords that may not be easily guessed by anyone. The passwords must be a combi nation of characters and numbers. The password must be easy to remember for you but should not be your birthday, your name, or any other personal detail that anyone else could guess. The password must be between 8-12 characters long, at least.Strong Firewall: Like antiviruses are for your files, firewalls are for protection. You must establish a strong firewall in order to protect your network from unauthorized access or usage. The firewall protects your network by controlling internet traffic that comes into and goes out of your business. A firewall works pretty much the same way across the board. Make sure you select a very strong firewall to ensure network safety.Antivirus protection: Antivirus and antimalware solutions are also extremely important for data security and must be installed on your systems. You must opt for the strongest antivirus protection software not just on your PCs and laptops but also on your mobile devices. They help you to fight unwanted threats to your fil es and data.Secure Systems: Data loss can also be caused in case your laptop or mobile device is stolen. Thus, you must take some extra steps to ensure the further safety of these devices. The easiest way to secure your laptops is to encrypt them. Encryption software help to make the information look coded so that no one who is unauthorized can view or access your data without a password. Besides this, you must protect your laptop falling into the wrong hands. Make sure you never leave it in your car on unattended in the office, etc.Secure Mobile Phones: Smartphones too hold a lot of important and confidential data such as messages, bank account details, and emails, etc. thus it is important to secure mobile phones as well. There are many ways to secure your mobile phones and some of them include, establishing strong passwords, to have encryption software, to have remote wiping enabled and to opt for phone finding apps so that you can locate your mobile phone if it is lost or stolen .Backup regularly: In order to avoid loss of data due to violation of data security, it is important to backup all your data regularly and keep it stored somewhere safe where it cannot be accessed or violated by anyone. One of the best way to backup your data is to either store it on hard disks or store it over cloud computing. One must backup data regularly, most preferably every week. This ensures that even if data is lost, you can have access to it, and it isn’t compromised.Monitor well: Another practice that you must follow in order to secure your data is to monitor it well and diligently. You must always keep track of your data, know which data is stored where and use good monitoring tools that can help prevent data leakage. The data leakage software that you choose must have set up of key network touchpoints that help to look for specific information coming out of internal network. Such software can be easily configured or customized to look for codes, credit card numbers or any other kind of information which is relevant to you.Surf Safely: Your data safety is in your hands, and if you are careful, there will be no way anyone would be able to violate it. Thus, it is important to be careful how you surf the net and what precautions you follow. It is common for us sometimes to click on certain links or attachments thinking that they are harmless, but they could lead to data hacking or planting of malicious files. This may infect your system and may squeeze out information. Thus, it is important to surf safely, use internet security software and never give out personal information and bank details to sites that are not trustworthy. Always beware of the vulnerabilities and do your best to avoid being casual when using the internet.

10 Facts About the Geography of Baja California

Baja California is a state in northern Mexico, the westernmost in the country. It encompasses an area of 27,636 square miles (71,576 sq km) and borders the Pacific Ocean on the west; Sonora, Arizona, and the Gulf of California on the east; Baja California Sur to the south; and California to the north. By area, Baja California is the 12th largest state in Mexico, which has 31 states and one federal district. Mexicali is the capital of Baja California, and more than 75 percent of the population lives in that city or in Ensenada or Tijuana. Other large cities in Baja California include San Felipe, Playas de Rosarito, and Tecate. Baja, California Facts The following is a list of 10 geographic facts to know about Baja California: It is believed that people first settled on the Baja Peninsula around 1,000 years ago and that the region was dominated by a few Native American groups. Europeans did not reach the area until 1539.Control of Baja California shifted between various groups in its early history, and it was not admitted into Mexico as a state until 1952. In 1930, the Baja California peninsula was divided into northern and southern territories. However, in 1952, the northern region (everything above the 28th parallel) became the 29th state of Mexico, while southern areas remained as a territory.The dominant ethnic groups in the state are white/European and Mestizo, or mixed Native American and European. Native Americans and East Asians also make up a large percentage of the states population.Baja California is divided into five municipalities. They are Ensenada, Mexicali, Tecate, Tijuana, and Playas de Rosarito.As a peninsula, Baja California is surrounded by water on three sides with borders on the Pacif ic Ocean and the Gulf of California. The state also has diverse topography but it is divided in the middle by the Sierra de Baja California, the Peninsular Ranges. The largest of these ranges are the Sierra de Juarez and the Sierra de San Pedro Martir. The highest point of these ranges and of Baja California is Picacho del Diablo at 10,157 feet (3,096 m).Between the mountains of the Peninsular Ranges are various valley regions that  are rich in agriculture. However, the mountains also play a role in Baja Californias climate, as the western portion of the state is mild due to its presence near the Pacific Ocean, while the eastern portion lies on the leeward side of the ranges and is arid through much of its area. The Sonoran Desert, which also runs into the United States, is in this area.Baja California is extremely biodiverse along its coasts. The Gulf of California and Baja Californias shores are home to one-third of Earths marine mammal species. California sea lions live on the states islands, while various types of whales, including the blue whale, breed in the regions waters.The main sources of water for Baja California are  the Colorado and Tijuana Rivers. The Colorado River naturally empties into the Gulf of California, but because of upstream uses, it rarely reaches the area. The rest of the states water comes from wells and dams, but clean drinking water is a big issue in the region.Baja California  has 32 universities with 19 serving as research centers in fields such as physics, oceanography, and aerospace.Baja California also has a strong economy and is 3.3 percent  of Mexicos gross domestic product. This is mainly through manufacturing in the form of maquiladoras. Tourism and service industries are also large fields in the state.

Echolocation in Marine Biology Essay - 958 Words

Marine mammals such as dolphins and fish each have a frequency unique to each species, as well as each organism, in a pod.(Baker, 2013) Scientists have called these â€Å"signature whistles† Elsevier, 1989). Organisms use these whistles similar to how we use names, associating the frequency to specific individuals in the pod. Whales have a frequency between 40-80 kilohertz while dolphins at about 3-23 kilohertz. Due to the sound differences, organisms are able to distinguish between organisms of different species and individuals in their pods, or neighboring pods. If individuals of a species are capable of individualising their â€Å"signature whistles† are they able to then use those signature whistles to develop ways of hunting fish using†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ When marine mammals send sound out these sounds, they rely on the speed of sound and an objects mass for the waves to bounce off of and return to the original individual from which the so und was transmitted. Marine mammals use specific bones and fat in their jaws in order to absorb the sound waves, and channel them into the inner ear which in turn transmits that to the brain (Kellogg, 2012). When a marine mammal transmits sound waves, they depend upon an objects vibrations, and acoustic reverberance to display their surroundings through hearing, instead of sight. Marine mammals rely on low frequency sound waves, or infrasonic sound waves, with lower wave lengths which can travel at lengths of up to 1000 kilometers ( U.S Department of the Interior). Once a sound has been transmitted, and it returns to the sender, bones located in the animals jaw, and fat surrounding the jaw, absorb the frequencies, and transmit them to the inner ear (Bragg, 2000). The ear consists of three main parts, the outer, middle, and inner ear. The inner ear consists of the cochlear, as well as many other parts, which transmits information given to it, directly to the brain which in turn reads the information and sends other signals to the organism in response (Barack, Robert 2014). The ear receives, transmits, and responds immediately, allowing for efficient, survival tactics which could save the animals life. IfShow MoreRelatedEcholocation Is A Sensory Ability That Uses The Reflection1291 Words   |  6 PagesEcholocation is a sensory ability that uses the reflection of sound to locate objects. It works by emitting high frequency sound waves into their environment and reflecting off objects. The sound waves returns back to the animal for visual guidance. The information perceived from emitting the sound waves are typically used for distance and direction but are also used in a variety of ways such as finding food or escaping from predators. There are certain animals that use these traits both in waterRead MoreKiller Whales : The Killer Whale Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pagesreferred to as an orca. Killer whales are important to biology because they are essentia l to the oceanic ecosystem. They keep the food chain intake balanced by regulating certain marine mammals, and that helps other animals to not become overpopulated. Killer whales are also important because they help the economy due to whale watching. Killer whales help science by helping scientist understand echolocation which helps them learn more about marine species and how to protect ocean animals from otherRead MoreThe Dangers Encountered by the Orcinus Orca2089 Words   |  8 Pages The types include resident, transient and off shore. Although there are different types of killer whales, they all face the same threats. For this reason, all killer whales are protected by the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA). The MMPA prohibits, with certain exceptions, the take of marine mammals in U.S. waters and by U.S. citizens on the high seas5. Furthermore, These species or stocks must not be permitted to fall below their optimum sustainable population level (depleted) (NOAA Fisher ies)Read More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesunderstanding of science? The article â€Å"From Here to Equity: The Inï ¬â€šuence of Status on Student Access to and Understanding of Science† (Culture and Comparative Studies [1999]: 577– 602) described a study on the effect of group discussions on learning biology concepts. An analysis of the relationship between status and â€Å"rate of talk† (the number of ontask speech acts per minute) during group work included gender as a blocking variable. Do you think that gender is a useful blocking variable? Explain.

Formalist Literary Theory Free Essays

string(167) " literary study is not an object, but a set of differences, and the science will consist of the study of those specifics which distinguish it from any other material\." Written Report: Russian Formalism and New Criticism Formalism is a literary theory that was spearheaded by two main bodies – Russian Formalists and New Critics – which focused on understanding the literary text through the text itself. Its principles posed a great shift from the traditional approaches during its time, and so it sparked a movement in the field of literary studies that would adopt new perspectives and ideas. While Formalism received much criticism due to its dubious methods of the closed reading of a text, its lack of a solid theory of language, and so on, it was also able to establish the notion of literary study being a partly scientific, objective process, and its framework would serve as a starting point and a great influence for future ideas and theorists to come. We will write a custom essay sample on Formalist Literary Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Old Criticism. The form that literary studies had taken during the second half of the nineteenth century, positivism, was largely based on the genetic approach: critics concentrated on uncovering the sources and genesis of particular works. The role of biography and history reduced the importance of literature itself in literary scholarship. Study of literature had become a loose aggregate of philosophy, history, psychology, sociology, etc. As Jakobson said, historians of literature had become practitioners of what he called ‘homespun’ disciplines based on psychology, politics, and philosophy, where literature itself could only offer secondary and defective evidence. Emergence of Russian Formalism Formalist theory emerged from the meetings, discussions, and publications of the Opojaz (The Society for the Study of Poetic Language) and the Moscow Linguistic Circle. They were dissatisfied with the ways of studying literature in the academe. Opojaz was based on St. Petersburg, dates back to 1914, and dissolved in 1923. Its nucleus was formed by Sklovsky, Eikhenbaum, Brik, Tynyanov. MLC came to life in 1915. Its best known member is Roman Jakobson. When he left them in 1920 for Prague, they lost their most talented member, and ceased to be a significant formalist center. Some of the figures who influenced Russian Formalism were: Andrei Bely and his work, Symbolism Said that, â€Å"our knowledge of reality is never direct†¦ we do not know reality except approximately through symbols. * Literary criticism has to be preoccupied with the specific forms of artistic creativity. * What is joined in the symbol in a humanly inseparable way is form and content. * Literature is both spatial and temporal. Other arts like sculpture or music realize themselves within only one of these forms. * Reality appears to be different from that seen in a work of ar t. It is â€Å"deformed†. Occurs by certain specific constructive forms. These are to be investigated. Immersed in the mystery that the mosaic of art covers, the critic lose their view of their proper task. They search for something that is beyond it before describing it with any accuracy. A. A. Potebnja * Literary activity is cognitive and tightly connected with its medium – language. * Poetry is a form of thinking in images, the ‘shape’ of which is dependent on the linguistic features of a given language. * Poetic image need not mean a static picture of something, it can also mean action. Not just spatial, but temporal too. * Images play a synthetic role in our thinking. Poetry strives to reduce the wide variety of complex phenomena to a small number of images. * Imagery is not basic aspect of poetic craft – but also sound. Images are not the only means to convey meaning in a poetic work. Emergence of New Criticism The prominent figures in the movement for the New Criticism were John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate, Robert Penn Warren, and Cleanth Brooks. They initiated a professionalization of American literary studies – one way of spreading the ideas of New Criticism was by publishing New Criticism based textbooks to be used in universities. These individuals saw the contemporary world as driven by desire in profit and greed, as well as â€Å"triumphs† in modern science, threatening to destroy tradition and everything that was not immediately useful – including poetry. Poetry is a means of resisting commodification and superficiality. Some of the figures who influenced New Criticism were: T. E. Hulme * â€Å"Romanticism and Classicism†. Romantic view: man is intrinsically good, spoilt by circumstances. Classical view: man is intrinsically limited, but disciplined by order and tradition to something fairly decent. Romantics are regarded as a well of possibilities. Classicals are regarded as finite and fixed. * Classical view leads to poetry. Romantic one to uncontrolled flights of emotions and metaphors. * New poets will disclaim the thought that poetry is a vehicle for expressing emotions, but rather, it provides a precise description of the world around us. T. S. Eliot * Those who treat literature as a product of a historical moment or a philosophical foundation should be called historians and philosophers. * Rejected vague emotionalism and verbal profusion of Romantic style. Critic should be preoccupied with literature itself, its accurate usage of words, rather than the phenomena flanking it. * Does not deny that emotions enter poetry, but rejects the directness of the overflow. Disliked sentimental poetry and respected tradition. * Highest poetry should synthesize thought and feeling, argument and image, the rational and the non-rational. Literariness. The first question for the Formalist was not how to study literature, but what the subject matter of literary study actually is. To get specificity for literary study, it entails the exclusion of all mimetic and expressive definitions of literature. Because in regarding the literary text as an instrument of expression (a point of view which will lead us to the personality of author, leading to biography or psychology) or representation (we will see the it as a picture of society, leading to history, politics, or sociology), we overlook the specificity of its literary qualities. What makes a text literary? This was a concern for the Formalists. What distinguishes literature from, say, a news article or a travel book? Simply put by Eikhenbaum, literature constitutes differences from other orders of facts. The object of study of literary study is not an object, but a set of differences, and the science will consist of the study of those specifics which distinguish it from any other material. You read "Formalist Literary Theory" in category "Essay examples" Literary studies analyze the differences implied in the opposition between practical and poetic language. The differential element of poetry, gives it its specificity. We owe this difference to the process of defamiliarization. According to Sklovsky, art defamiliarizes things that have become habitual or automatic. Take for example the act of walking. Walking is a daily activity. We have ceased to be aware of it. But when we dance, the automatically perceived gestures of walking are perceived anew. â€Å"A dance is a walk which is felt. † In the same way, everyday use of language is something that is natural or unconscious. But language in poetry is more or less the same language we know, but this time, we have become more aware of its presence – it is a new sensation to be felt, just like the dance. Practical language constitutes the main automatized elements made strange by art. Everyday language is made strange in poetry, and in particular, the physical sounds of words themselves become unusually prominent. Poetic speech is formed speech. Poetic speech is not the specialness of vocabulary (e. g. just because a poem uses an unfamiliar word like â€Å"lo! † does not mean that it is poetic speech), but because its formal devices – like rhyme and rhythm – act on ordinary words to renew our perception of them, as well as their sound texture. Because of that, defamiliarization is found almost everywhere form is found. The poetic speech that one would find in a poem is a deliberate act of creating a form that is based on defamiliarized language. As Jakobson described it, poetry is organized violence committed on ordinary speech. It roughens up and impedes pronunciation of ordinary speech – syntax, rhythm, semantics. Devices and Function. Poetry makes use of literary devices – hyperbole, parallelism, repetition, iambic pentameter, and so on. That poses the question: can’t devices lose their function? Because the literary devices themselves were subject to automatization of perception since they are in literature now, they lose their distinction as literary and non-literary. Literariness then is a feature not just of form as impeded speech, but more importantly, of impeded form. So the defamiliarization will not wholly depend on the existence of devices, but their function in the work they appear in. For example, foregrounding gives us a dominant factor. A work will contain passive or automatized elements that are subservient/subordinate to the dominant element. So what would interest a Formalist, is how the elements are interrelated. How do these automatized elements give way for the foregrounded element, or perhaps, what makes the foregrounded element stand out; the device could have been just commonplace or uninteresting, so how does it achieve its dominant status in relation to other devices? In other words, the active components of a work are now differentiated not only from the practical language, but from other formal components which have become automatized. Fabula and Syuzhet. However, the method for analysis and the literariness of poetry cannot be applied exactly for prose narrative as well. They have different constructions. The Formalist study of narrative was based on a distinction between the events and construction of a prose narrative – Fabula and Syuzhet. Fabula (plot) refers to the chronological sequence of events. Syuzhet refers to the order and manner in which they are actually presented in the narrative. Syuzhet creates the defamiliarizing effect. We could have a crime story and it could be told in its chronological sequence: there was a crime, the police went to investigate, they had to seek for the help of a world-famous detective, and he solves the crime, the end. From point A, it ends to point D. That is the Fabula. Manipulation of the Syuzhet though, allows it to be told in a different, more defamiliarized way. We could start with the ending wherein the crime was already solved, or we can start in the middle of the sequence of events wherein the detective receives a request for his assistance. We can even tell the story from the point of view of the killer. All of it makes for a new way of telling a common plot. Close Reading. When we do a reading of a text, we ought to focus on the text of a work; exclude the author’s intention, historical and cultural contexts. The text was an object of literature complete in itself. It is an autonomous entity, and therefore should be treated as one that is not dependent on its creator or external influences. If the goal of reading a text is to get its meaning, then we should not look further from the text. Form and meaning are intimately connected and should not be analyzed separately. Good literature transcends the time of the author. Who cares if X was in love with lady Y? We should disregard the details of such, and focus on how the poem focuses on scorned love. Emotion and Intention. William Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley’s essay, The Intentional Fallacy, talks about the mistake of attempting to understand the author’s intentions about his work since it violates the autonomy of the work. The meaning of a work should be contained solely within itself. The Affective Fallacy talks about the mistake of nterpreting a text through the emotions of the reader. A text must be understood not relatively, but its meaning must be inherent. Paradox. Poetry should carry the element of heterogeneity, of negating their own affirmations. They are better equipped for whatever treatment they will undergo. Homogeneous poetry cannot bear â€Å"ironic contemplation†. It is irony and am biguity that make for good poetry. Poetry is paradoxical in nature. Life is complex. The force of the paradox holds a poem together, it builds unity and coherence within the text and the task of the critic is to lay bare these paradoxes and show how they work. Poetry says something ‘for real’ that is not equal to a logical statement or to an emotional attitude. It is not just a psychological stimulus, as Richard said. Poetry obliquely tells us something about the nature of reality. All of its meaning is linguistic, but not all that is pertinent to meaning can be explained by linguistic analysis. Literary History. The dominant devices in a particular genre and/or period contribute to the evolution of literature. When they become familiar, new works will pick them up to make them perceptible again. Through this, genre evolves. If so, then literary language is not a planned development of tradition, but a colossal displacement of traditions. Legacy Formalism, because of the specificity it wished to explore, thus creating the concept of literariness, was a productive and adaptable framework. Formalism anticipated and influenced some important ideas in 20th century literary theory – central position of language, devaluation of biographical element, importance of norm deviation, etc. will be featured by future theorists from Jakobson to Barthes. Shortcomings They have no developed theory of language, especially since Formalism was made in a pre-Saussurean view of language. Marxist critics argue against the absence of any social dimension in Formalism’s conception of literature. They claimed that use of language is social and ideological. References: Bertens, Hans. Literary Theory: The Basics. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2008. Jefferson, Ann Robey, David. Modern Literary Theory: A Comparative Introduction. Totowa, N. J. : Barnes and Noble, 1984. Thompson, Ewa. Russian Formalism and Anglo-American New Criticism: A Comparative Study. The Hague: Mouton, 1971. How to cite Formalist Literary Theory, Essay examples

The Influences Of Clym In The Return Of The Native Essays

The Influences Of Clym In The Return Of The Native The Influences of Clym in The Return of the Native The novel, The Return of the Native, explores the clash between the inevitable social change and a traditional way of life. Set in imaginary landscape of Wessex, the story concerns Eustacia Vye, Mrs Yeobright, Thomasin, and Damon Wildeve - and how Clym Yeobright, the returning native of the title, affects each of their destinies, an his own. The brooding menace of Egdon Heath in Dorsetshire opens Hardy's novel of tragic passion. Eustacia Vye, willful and longing for the excitement of city life, awaits her lover on the forbidding moor. She married Clym Yeobright, newly returned from Paris, thinking he would take her there, but Clym is content as the country schoolmaster. With her dreams thwarted and confused circumstances that lead her to believe she has caused the death of Clym's mother, not even her affair with reckless Damon Wildeve can keep her from sinking into the despair that leads to her death by drowning. Once again Hardy creates a masterful net of destiny from which his tragic characters cannot escape. Clym affected each of their lives in a different way. Before returning to Wessex, Thomasin was going to marry Wildeve. But Wildeve and Eustacia secretly liked each other. Mrs. Yeobright wanted Thomasin to marry Clym when he returned. But Thomasin liked Wildeve. So when Clym returned, he fell in love with Eustacia. She also loved Clym, and persuaded Wildeve to marry Thomasin. Then Eustacia and Clym got married. Mrs. Yeobright did not approve of any of these marriages. After a while, Clym's eyesight grew weaker and weaker until he was force to become a spur's cutter. This made Eustacia mad because she thought she would never see Paris now. Suddenly, the feelings Eustacia and Wildeve had for one another grew stronger, and they began seeing each other again. All the while, Tomasin was feeling lonely. Her husband was not spending any time with her. Mrs. Yeobright felt as if she was being cast off by her son. When she went to visit him, but no one would let her in. She died on her way home. Rumors went around that Eustacia would let her in because she had a man in the house with her. So Eustacia left Clym, and went to her grandfather's house. She and Wildeve later decide to run away with each. But before they could live happily ever after together, they died. So in the end, if he had not returned, things may have turned out different. Cylm and Thomasin would have gotten married, and they and Mrs. Yeobright would have moved to Paris. Eustacia and Wild eve Would have also gotten married. The Return of the Native, by Thomas Hardy, achieves the intensity of classical Greek tragedy in its depiction of a pitiable human struggle against relentless fate. The author's somber view of human existence is expressed both in the superb opening description of Egdon Heath and in the tragic lives of Clym Yeobright, the returned native of the heath, his cousin Thomasin, Damon Wildeve, his mother Mrs. Yeobright, and Eustacia English Essays